Introduction: Accumulating evidence suggests that mitochondrial structural and functional defects are present in human placentas affected by pregnancy related disorders. but mitophagy pathways in human trophoblast cells/placental tissues have not been investigated. Methods: In this study. we investigated three major mitophagy pathways mediated by PRKN. https://miabellesbabyes.shop/product-category/girls-one-piece-swimsuit/